Phantom Types In Haskell and Scala

/*
Some literate Haskell and Scala to demonstrate 
1) phantom types
2) I am a masochist
3) ???
4) profit!

The code is probably best viewed with a syntax colorizer
for one language or the other but I've colorized all my
 comments.

> {-# LANGUAGE EmptyDataDecls #-}
> module RocketModule(test1, test2, createRocket, addFuel, addO2, launch) where

*/
object RocketModule {

/*
None of these data types have constructors, so there are
no values with these types. That's okay because I only 
need the types at compile time. Hence "phantom" - 
ethereal and unreal.

> data NoFuel
> data Fueled
> data NoO2
> data HasO2

*/
   sealed trait NoFuel
   sealed trait Fueled
   sealed trait NoO2
   sealed trait HasO2

/*
The Rocket data type takes two type parameters, fuel and
o2.  But the constructor doesn't touch them.  I don't
export the constructor so only this module can create
rockets.

> data Rocket fuel o2 = Rocket

*/
   final case class Rocket[Fuel, O2] private[RocketModule]()

/*
createRocket produces a rocket with no fuel and no o2
 
> createRocket :: Rocket NoFuel NoO2 
> createRocket = Rocket

*/
   def createRocket = Rocket[NoFuel, NoO2]()

/*
addFuel takes a rocket with no fuel and returns one with
fuel.  It doesn't touch the o2
 
> addFuel :: Rocket NoFuel o2 -> Rocket Fueled o2
> addFuel x = Rocket

*/
   def addFuel[O2](x : Rocket[NoFuel, O2]) = Rocket[Fueled, O2]()

/*
Similarly, addO2 adds o2 without touching the fuel

> addO2 :: Rocket fuel NoO2 -> Rocket fuel HasO2
> addO2 x = Rocket
 
*/
   def addO2[Fuel](x : Rocket[Fuel, NoO2]) = Rocket[Fuel, HasO2]()

/*
launch will only launch a rocket with both fuel and o2

> launch :: Rocket Fueled HasO2 -> String
> launch x = "blastoff"

*/
   def launch(x : Rocket[Fueled, HasO2]) = "blastoff"

/*
This is just a pretty way of stringing things together,
stolen shamelessly from F#.  Adding infix operations is
a bit verbose in Scala.

> a |> b = b a

*/
   implicit def toPiped[V] (value:V) = new {
      def |>[R] (f : V => R) = f(value)
   }

/*
Create a rocket, fuel it, add o2, then 
launch it

> test1 = createRocket |> addFuel |> addO2 |> launch

*/
   def test1 = createRocket |> addFuel |> addO2 |> launch

/*
This compiles just fine, too.  It doesn't matter which 
order we put in the fuel and o2
 
> test2 = createRocket |> addO2 |> addFuel |> launch

*/
   def test2 = createRocket |> addO2 |> addFuel |> launch

//This won't compile - there's no fuel
 
// > test3 = createRocket |> addO2 |> launch

//    def test3 = createRocket |> addO2 |> launch

// This won't compile either - there's no o2

// > test4 = createRocket |> addFuel |> launch

//    def test4 = createRocket |> addFuel |> launch

// This won't compile because you can't add fuel twice

// > test5 = createRocket |> addFuel |> addO2 |> addFuel |> launch

//    def test5 = createRocket |> addFuel |> addO2 |> addFuel |> launch
}